Much of my time in Bangkok was spent talking to and discussing the idea of infrastructure and middleware being tailored specifically to an application’s need - providing a catered and better user experience. As they grow in traction, most applications quickly realise that their customisation and internalisation choices are limited as simple smart contracts. Applications are inherently opinionated about many things, especially ordering in the DeFi case. The idea is relatively simple: the fat a...

Based rollups; preconfirmations, commitments and superbuilders. The rise of applications-specific based rollups.

Commiditising your complements while retaining control. Ways to customise and specialise, at a lower cost.

In our previous two parts of the cross-domain thesis saga, we’ve primarily focused on the issues that arise technologically when you split up the sta...

A continued and developing overview of the technical issues that loom in a modular world, and how to fix them.

As the blockchain ecosystem expands with new additions of rollups and app-chains each month, liquidity becomes increasingly fragmented. Yields are sc...

An SoK on Shared Sequencing, Aggregation Theory and Vertical Integrations

The Modular StackIf you’ve read any of our prior articles, or if you’re familiar with the way modular blockchains work, you’d know that they work qui...

Introduction to MEVMaximum Extractable Value, or MEV, has been all the rage in crypto. MEV refers to the extraction of value from users by reordering...

We’ve covered in relative depth how both Merkle and Verkle trees work in our article “Beyond IBC”. However, there are other applications and derivati...